From the mighty Haaretz:
Israeli security agencies and senior officials in Egypt and the United Arab Emirates repeatedly warned Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu before the Hamas-led attacks on October 7, 2023, according to a Haaretz investigation and a series of reports in The New York Times, Yedioth Ahronoth, The Wall Street Journal and The Atlantic. Several of the warnings explicitly concerned the Gaza Strip.
Netanyahu rejected the reports, denying that he had received explicit warnings. The prime minister places responsibility for the attack – which claimed the lives of more than 1,100 soldiers and Israeli and foreign civilians and sparked a prolonged war in the Gaza Strip – on the security chiefs who were subordinate to him at the time: Defense Minister Yoav Gallant, Shin Bet chief Ronen Bar, IDF Chief of Staff Herzl Halevi and Military Intelligence chief Aharon Haliva. All four have since left their posts.
The first of these warnings was received in early 2023, when thousands protested across Israel against the Netanyahu government's push to reform the judiciary. In March, Netanyahu dismissed former Defense Minister Yoav Gallant after he called to halt the judicial overhaul. Thousands took to the streets overnight, blocking major highways. Between March and July 2023, the IDF's Military Intelligence Directorate gave Netanyahu four reports, warning that enemy states and terror groups view Israel as vulnerable because of the polarization in Israeli society and the country's military.
The head of the directorate's Research Division wrote to Netanyahu on March 19 – a week before the first attempt to pass the judicial overhaul legislation and before the attempt to dismiss Gallant – and again on July 16, a week before a key Knesset vote advancing the judicial overhaul. He attached an appendix of raw intelligence reports to each letter, combined it into a brief analysis warning of a looming military confrontation.
"All the actors in the system point to Israel being in a severe, unprecedented crisis that threatens its cohesion and weakens it. ... For our main enemies – Iran, Hezbollah and Hamas – this weakness is part of a linear process ending in Israel's collapse, and the current situation is an opportunity to accelerate and deepen its distress."An excerpt from one of the IDF's intelligence reports
In May, then-Shin Bet security service chief Ronen Bar told Netanyahu that war against Hamas was "unavoidable." In their meeting on May 21, 2023, following the conclusion of the IDF's operation against Islamic Jihad in Gaza, Bar told the prime minister that the operation was "the first round against the Shi'ite axis. We should prepare for an opening blow, for a round of targeted assassinations. Hamas is the next challenge at our doorstep." Netanyahu rejected the admonition, arguing that Hamas was deterred and telling Bar that Israel had "a strong balance of fear with Hamas."
According to a Yedioth Aharonoth report published in 2024, Bar held another meeting with Netanyahu in July 2023, this time warning that war was imminent. The report states that Bar held a meeting with Netanyahu on the eve of the vote to forbid judges from invoking the reasonableness clause in cases – one of the key elements in the Netanyahu government's judicial overhaul plan. Bar told Netanyahu that he couldn't say the exact day and time the war would begin. Bar received Netanyahu's permission to share this intelligence with Opposition Leader Yair Lapid, and subsequently gave him a similar message.
The opposition leader recounted meeting Bar the night before the reasonableness clause was canceled, when he received "unprecedented warnings about the security risks and internal divisions caused by the judicial overhaul." Last week, Bar said he "warned Netanyahu of an impending disaster, and he ignored me." He added, "After three years in which he refused to acknowledge his responsibility and did everything in his power to prevent the establishment of a state commission of inquiry, he is now trying to deflect blame by hurling accusations at those who warned him in real time."
22 days before the attack
In mid-September 2023, former senior Fatah official Sufian Abu Zaida, who mediated between Israel and Hamas, met with Israeli officials after receiving an explicit threat from Yahya Sinwar, then Hamas' leader in Gaza, to cause an "earthquake" if negotiations don't come to fruition. A Haaretz investigation published last month revealed that Israel and Hamas were close to a prisoner exchange deal during the summer of 2023, but Netanyahu postponed a committee session that would approve it. "All that was required at this stage was the approval of the ministerial committee for hostages and missing persons, whose consent is needed for the release of prisoners, especially those serving life sentences," a security source told Haaretz. After the intelligence officials' meeting with Abu Zaida on September 15, Bar briefed Netanyahu in a phone call arranged by Netanyahu's then-military secretary, Avi Gil. Two days later, on September 17, Israel's military and intelligence officials held an urgent discussion on Sinwar's threat, but didn't make any concrete decision.
11 days before the attack
Last month, The Atlantic reported that Egypt's intelligence chief, Abbas Kamel, came to Israel 11 days before Hamas' October 7 attacks and delivered a warning that the armed group in Gaza was preparing for a major attack and that the window of opportunity to prevent a disaster was closing. According to the report, which cites Israeli, Egyptian, Arab, U.S. and European officials briefed on his visit, Kamel recommended that Israel grant Hamas economic concessions to prevent a confrontation. He warned that if Israel did not change its course, "Gaza is going to blow up in your faces," the report said, citing a former Israeli official later briefed on the visit.
According to the Haaretz investigation, UAE President Mohamed bin Zayed called Netanyahu about 10 days before October 7, warning him that Hamas was planning a "major attack" and urging him to take it seriously. After the Haaretz exposé, The New York Times reported that Sheikh Mohamed mentioned his conversation with Netanyahu in a discussion with William Burns, then CIA director. He told Burns that during the call, he had spoken with Netanyahu about a "looming threat" from Hamas in the West Bank or Gaza. A transcript of a meeting Netanyahu convened with senior Israeli security officials on October 1, 2023, reportedly shows that he told the officials that any Israeli action in Gaza could undermine the prospects of Saudi Arabia establishing diplomatic relations with Israel, a deal he believed was close to being finalized.
48 hours before the attack
Last week, The Wall Street Journal reported that Egyptian intelligence chief Kamel called Netanyahu days before the attack to warn him of signs of an impending assault from Gaza after earlier Egyptian warnings went unheeded. Kamel then called Netanyahu days before October 7 after the earlier warnings failed to produce a change in Israeli policy, according to the Journal. Egyptian officials continued to warn Israel until as late as 48 hours before the attack, the report said. None of the warnings contained specific information about the timing or scale of the planned assault. Netanyahu denied the reports and said he has instructed to file a libel suit. "In the months preceding October 7, Prime Minister Netanyahu did not meet or speak with Abbas Kamel, who was then head of Egypt's General Intelligence Service, and no Israeli intelligence source conveyed an Egyptian warning to the Prime Minister," he wrote on X.